La discusión sobre quién comenzó la Guerra Fría ha hecho correr ríos de tinta. La opinión pública siempre ha estado dividida entre los que culpaban a los EUA y los que señalaban a la URSS. Ahora bien, la disputa sobre quién comenzó el conflicto puede darse por superada si se entiende el conflicto como una dialéctica que no tiene culpables, cuya lógica se encuentra en lo que se llama “Síndrome de 1941”.
Ese año, tanto los EUA como la URSS entraron en la Segunda Guerra Mundial, una guerra que hasta ese momento habían considerado ajena a sus intereses, porque fueron atacados por sorpresa por los japoneses (en el caso americano) y por los alemanes (en el caso soviético). Cuando en 1945 llegó la victoria, se manifestó el trauma del “efecto sorpresa” de ambos ataques: el miedo a otro ataque de ese tipo y la evidencia de que sólo podía llevarlo a cabo el otro actor omnipresente. Esto generó un miedo irracional y una actitud agresiva que condujo a ambas potencias a lo que conocemos como la Guerra Fría.
La madrugada del domingo 22 de junio de 1941 las vanguardias del ejército alemán cruzaron por sorpresa la frontera rusa. Había comenzado la Operación Barbarroja, cuyo objetivo final era la destrucción del sistema defensivo soviético. Las tropas alemanas, por el contrario, estaban mejor entrenadas y comandadas que las soviéticas (Hitler no había “purgado” a su ejército) y tenían una importante experiencia de combate tras haber conquistado buena parte de Europa. “Aparentemente”, la imbatida Wehrmacht no tenía por qué fallar en el asalto contra la Unión Soviética.
A pesar de ello, los alemanes no lograron tomar Moscú antes del invierno y el intenso frío los dejó clavados ante sus puertas; para que les digan a los alemanes que el frío es psicológico. Las causas del fallo fueron variadas: indecisión en los objetivos, lluvias de otoño que transformaron las carreteras en barrizales y evaluación equivocada de las fuerzas soviéticas; un millón de rusos… ¡son muchos rusos!
El fracaso estratégico de la embestida alemana en el verano de 1941 dio paso a un enfrentamiento militar que sin lugar a dudas fue el más cruento de toda la Segunda Guerra Mundial. A pesar del fracaso de la Operación Barbarroja, conviene tener presente que ésta sí logró pulverizar en unas pocas semanas la mayor parte del escudo defensivo erigido por los soviéticos a lo largo de los años treinta. Miles y miles de carros de combate fueron destruidos y lo mismo ocurrió con las escuadrillas de aviones, aniquiladas en sus aeródromos en las primeras horas de invasión. A largo plazo, sólo las reservas humanas de los soviéticos y el mantenimiento de la producción industrial en los Urales, pudieron contrarrestar la desorganización e incapacidad del alto mando político.
En el otro extremo del mundo, en medio del Océano Pacífico, oleadas de aviones de la Marina japonesa destruyeron el grueso de la flota norteamericana en la zona; era el ataque contra la base de Pearl Harbor, en las islas Hawái, el 7 de diciembre de 1941. La sorpresa fue aún mayor que el ataque alemán contra la URSS, en apenas unas horas los nipones hundieron un gran número de embarcaciones.
Al quedar intactos los portaaviones por estar en alta mar, el ataque japonés tuvo un impacto más táctico que estratégico, aunque dejó una profunda herida psicológica en la mentalidad norteamericana: los estadounidenses recordarían la fecha como el “Día de la Infamia”. Pero el sentido de fondo era que se había perdido la inviolabilidad que hasta entonces habían garantizado los dos océanos que rodeaban los EUA; se rumorea que algunos de los marineros defendieron: “¡lo de los barcos es lo de menos, podemos construir más, pero a nuestra patria no la toca nadie!”
Coyunturalmente, la flota estadounidense del Pacífico quedó anulada y en los días siguientes las fuerzas japonesas desembarcaron en Filipinas, Hong Kong, Malasia, Indias Orientales holandesas y varios archipiélagos del Pacífico, conquistándolas con rapidez. También invadieron Birmania y tomaron Singapur. Entre diciembre de 1941 y mayo de 1942, momento en que comenzaron las torrenciales lluvias monzónicas, las fuerzas niponas conquistaron en medio año todo el Sureste asiático y el Pacífico occidental, llegando a las puertas de Australia y a la India. Como en el caso alemán contra la URSS, los nipones también habían atacado en inferioridad numérica y amparados por la sorpresa.
La Operación Barbarroja y el ataque contra Pearl Harbour constituyeron una sorpresa total para sus víctimas. Ambos ataques aniquilaron de golpe los mastodónticos y costosos sistemas defensivos erigidos por dichas potencias a lo largo de los años treinta. Estos escudos militares tenían además un profundo sentido político ya que durante esa década, tanto los EUA como la URSS habían eludido participar activamente en el juego diplomático internacional por su desconfianza en los imperios británico y francés, que se mostraban incapaces de mantener la paz; de ahí que Moscú y Washington concentraran sus esfuerzos en la construcción de potentes aparatos defensivos a la medida de sus propias preocupaciones. Rodeados por dos océanos, los norteamericanos siguieron obsesionados con la supremacía naval; la contribución norteamericana a la derrota de los submarinos alemanes en la Primera Guerra Mundial parecía respaldar esa estrategia. Por su parte, al heredar el inmenso territorio euroasiático del imperio zarista, la Unión Soviética optó por la creación de un extenso ejército altamente mecanizado. Finalmente, para finales de los años treinta, ambos estados asumieron la doctrina del poder aéreo.
Al implicar la entrada de los EUA y la URSS en la guerra, la Operación Barbarroja y Pearl Harbor convirtieron la contienda europea en mundial. Pero a la vez ese doble ataque por sorpresa prefiguró un verdadero trauma en norteamericanos y soviéticos que fue precisamente uno de los antecedentes más consistentes de la Guerra Fría. El final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial en 1945 significó también el triunfo absoluto de los Estados Unidos y la Unión Soviética, las dos potencias “violadas” en 1941 y que ahora quedaban frente a frente manteniendo su tradicional actitud recelosa ante el mundo exterior, actitud que protagonizará la Guerra Fría.
A partir de 1949, ambas superpotencias erigieron con rapidez un nuevo sistema defensivo destinado a prevenir una sorpresa traumática como la de 1941. La nueva actitud militar se apoyaría en las armas nucleares y en la doctrina del primer golpe, supuestamente decisivo. Norteamericanos y soviéticos proyectaron el estigma de 1941, uno sobre el otro, creando la propia realidad polarizada de la Guerra Fría en la que se enfrentaban dos superpotencias cada una anticipando el ataque por sorpresa de la otra; para que nos entendamos, el sistema consistía en armarse hasta los dientes y atacar primero al enemigo para “pillarlo con la ropa tendida”.
Actualmente, sobre todo después del ataque a las Torres Gemelas en 2001, se ha vuelto a recuperar esa idea de “ataque preventivo”. Bajo esa lógica se inició la Guerra de Iraq y todavía ahora se siguen bombardeando los territorios de Estado Islámico en Siria. ¿Alguna vez seremos capaces de superar los traumas nacionales sin utilizar las armas contra otros?
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Gerson,interesante conocer también la historia de esa manera;ud me podría dar luces de cuál fue el «apoyo»de Alemania para recuperarse tan rápido del desastre de la primera guerra mundial al punto de someter a Europa casi en su totalidad durante la segunda guerra mundial,sabiendose que había quedado humillada y endeudada con una «mega inflación » sin presedentes?Enigmático, no lo cree ud?